Communication Protocols
In 1984, to aid network interconnection and communication, the international Standards Organization(ISO) developed a standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. This model is now the primary architectural model for network communication.
The OSI model is a seven-layered structure for data communication between two-interconnected systems.
Overview of OSI model diagrammatically.
Networking OSI-Seven-layer model
With the OSI model, networks can be broken up into manageable pieces.The OSI model provide a common language to explain components and their functionality
Let's Discuss the seven layers of the OSI model:
1.Physical Layer: This layer deals with the physical characteristics of transmission medium and defines the functions needed to carry data in bit stream over physical medium such as fibre optic cable.
2.Data Link Layer:This layer provides access to the networking media and physical transmission across media and enables the data to locate its destination on a network.
3.Network Layer : This layer defines the mechanism of data delivery between computers.
4.Transport Layer : This layer regulates the information flow to ensure end-to-end connectivity between host applications accurately.
5.Session Layer: This layer defines how to start, control and terminate conversations between applications.
6.Presentation Layer : This Layer ensures the readability of the data by application layer.
7.Application Layer : This layer provides network services to user applications.
Now, let's discuss the ways of communications such as file sharing,emailing,instant messaging and remote device access.
Communication through File Sharing : Communication or sharing of information can happen via computer network network by sharing files through a standard protocol called File Transfer Protocol (FTP). It facilitates file transfer from one host to another and uses the following two TCP ports for file transfer:
Communication through Email : Email is the most common
medium of communication over the Internet and has become more complex these days. Emailing process initates when the user writes a message using Mail client or Mail User Agent (MUA), which uses Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to send the message to local Mail transfer Transfer Agent (MTA) residing at client's Internet Service Provider (ISP). MTA finds email address of recipient using Domain Name System. As soon as the mail server is found, the email is sent using SMTP. Finally, the user's email client retrieves the email from mail box using MUA such as Post Office Protocol (POP).
Communication through Instant Messaging : Instant Messaging is a better way than email to communicate when information to be shared is not in bulk. One of the methods for instant messaging is internet is internet Relay Chat (IRC). It facilitates one to one chatting and group chatting using Transfer Communication Protocol (TCP).
Communication through Remote Machine : A remote machine access protocol, called Terminal Network (Telnet), is used to communicate or access an application on a remote machine. It allows user to login into remote computer and utilise the services.
In 1984, to aid network interconnection and communication, the international Standards Organization(ISO) developed a standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. This model is now the primary architectural model for network communication.
The OSI model is a seven-layered structure for data communication between two-interconnected systems.
Overview of OSI model diagrammatically.
Networking OSI-Seven-layer model
With the OSI model, networks can be broken up into manageable pieces.The OSI model provide a common language to explain components and their functionality
Let's Discuss the seven layers of the OSI model:
1.Physical Layer: This layer deals with the physical characteristics of transmission medium and defines the functions needed to carry data in bit stream over physical medium such as fibre optic cable.
2.Data Link Layer:This layer provides access to the networking media and physical transmission across media and enables the data to locate its destination on a network.
3.Network Layer : This layer defines the mechanism of data delivery between computers.
4.Transport Layer : This layer regulates the information flow to ensure end-to-end connectivity between host applications accurately.
5.Session Layer: This layer defines how to start, control and terminate conversations between applications.
6.Presentation Layer : This Layer ensures the readability of the data by application layer.
7.Application Layer : This layer provides network services to user applications.
Now, let's discuss the ways of communications such as file sharing,emailing,instant messaging and remote device access.
Communication through File Sharing : Communication or sharing of information can happen via computer network network by sharing files through a standard protocol called File Transfer Protocol (FTP). It facilitates file transfer from one host to another and uses the following two TCP ports for file transfer: - Port 21 : It is used for control connection
- Port 20 : It is used for data connection
Communication through Email : Email is the most common
medium of communication over the Internet and has become more complex these days. Emailing process initates when the user writes a message using Mail client or Mail User Agent (MUA), which uses Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to send the message to local Mail transfer Transfer Agent (MTA) residing at client's Internet Service Provider (ISP). MTA finds email address of recipient using Domain Name System. As soon as the mail server is found, the email is sent using SMTP. Finally, the user's email client retrieves the email from mail box using MUA such as Post Office Protocol (POP).
Communication through Instant Messaging : Instant Messaging is a better way than email to communicate when information to be shared is not in bulk. One of the methods for instant messaging is internet is internet Relay Chat (IRC). It facilitates one to one chatting and group chatting using Transfer Communication Protocol (TCP).
Communication through Remote Machine : A remote machine access protocol, called Terminal Network (Telnet), is used to communicate or access an application on a remote machine. It allows user to login into remote computer and utilise the services.
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